[Top] 188 SPF, DKIM, DMARC and DNS

Different technologies are used to verify the validity of email senders. Each technology by itself represents only one component of a holistic solution. It is currently recommended to implement all three technologies.

The technologies are:

• SPF – Sender Policy Framework
  The SPF resource record of a DNS zone defines which servers (hostnames or IP addresses) are allowed to send emails on behalf of the domain. Each sender domain must have it’s own SPF resource record.
• DKIM – Domain Keys Identified Mail
  DKIM pursues the same objective as SPF. With DKIM parts of an email, messages are encrypted using a private key. The public key is published as a DNS resource record. In most cases, the key pair is generated by the mail servers, as these encrypt the message anyway.
• DMARC – Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance
  DMARC is placed on top of SPF and DKIM. DMARC executes a so-called alignment for SPF and DKIM. An alignment defines a policy that describes how strict a receiving server (MTA) should validate and assess the sender address with SPF and DKIM. Stefan Cink of Net at Work has published a detailed post (DE) on this.

The following figure illustrates the protocol relations.

The use of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are no substitute for email message encryption itself or transport encryption. These technologies are used to identify and asses valid senders and to protect against spam messages.

Keep in mind that SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are offerings for other emails servers. As a sending party, you do not control if and how SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are evaluated by the receiving server. But if evaluated, the configuration must be correct to avoid messages being rejected by receiving email servers.

The following sections focus on the DNS configuration for SPF, DKIM, and DMARC. This post is not intended to rate the technologies, but to describe the implementation.

SPF

Each domain is used for sending emails requires an SPF resource record (RR) in its DNS zone. An SPF record is always of the type TXT and does not use any hostname (or resource record name, if you will). An SPF RR is always valid for the entire DNS zone.

Example

mcsmemail.de. 3600 IN TXT “v=spf1 mx a:mail.mcsmemail.de ?all”

The following screenshot illustrates adding a new SPF TXT record in a common DNS management interface (DE) of an internet provider. The hostname textbox remains empty.

Example explained:

v=spf1
SPF Version

mx
MX server records defined within the DNS zone are valid senders

a:mail.mcsmemail.de
The additional DNS hostname defined as A resource record is a valid sender as well

?all
Neutral validation of non listed servers that send emails for this domain

SPF records can be created by using one of the various online resources.

DKIM

DKIM resource records are configured as TXT resource records as well. In contrast to an SPF record, a hostname is mandatory. In this case its called selector.

A DKIM TXT record is always created as a record in the subdomain _domainkey.

Example

nsp._domainkey.mcsmemail.eu. 3600 IN TXT “v=DKIM1\; k=rsa\; p=MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQChZM8yjegaKfd0ssKyezTW/7xbDSNc0uPd50xa5/ecerv1v3mHKM+T7mClzRmIEx+Ji6AisVeo2uvjTYPemHFMBlQpuS/4zc2QxWHqp62FSQ7lASBOzDfUrIwayPVqwSPD6NrnfVSWoUNrFGGSVeU5uLASecBzTfxPukqTHgYKhQIDAQAB”

The following screenshot illustrates adding a new DKIM TXT record in a common DNS management interface (DE) of an internet provider. The hostname textbox contains the selector nsp followed by the subdomain _domainkey.

Example explained:

v=DKIM1
DKIM version

k=rsa
Public key encryption method

p=MIGfMA….
The DKIM public key

DMARC

DMARC is configured as a TXT resource record as well. The DMARC resource record uses the fixed hostname _dmarc.

Example

_dmarc.mcsmemail.de. 3600 IN TXT “v=DMARC1\; p=none\; rua=mailto:DMARCRUA@mcsmemail.de\; ruf=mailto:DMARCRUF@mcsmemail.de\; fo=1\; adkim=s\; aspf=s\; rf=afrf\”

The following screenshot illustrates adding a new DMARC TXT record in a common DNS management interface (DE) of an internet provider. The hostname textbox contains always the value _dmarc.

Example explained:

v=DMARC1
DMARC version

p=none
No DMARC policy defined (You should always start with None